Perhaps best known for his outstanding  Hell to Pay: Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan, 1945-1947 ,  military historian Giangreco’s 1997 Journal of Military History paper "Casualty Projections for the U.S. Invasions of Japan, 1945-1946: Planning and Policy Implications" was the first detailed analysis of the calculations that went into estimating the casualties that might have resulted from an American invasion of the Japanese Home Islands, previously a matter of often slipshod, agenda-driven efforts.

The article stirred considerable controversy in some circles, but has withstood criticism well.  In an effort to insure its availability for educators, students, and the interested public, Giangreco has long made it available online, and made occasional clearly indicated annotations, corrections, and additions from time to time, while maintaining the pagination from the original publication.

An essential read for anyone interested in the Pacific War or the decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan, the home page for "Casualty Projections for the U.S. Invasions of Japan, 1945-1946: Planning and Policy Implications" has recently been changed, and it is now available  on The American President site.

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