March 17, 2024: Tank warfare has gone through many changes since the early 2022 Russian invasion. Russia lost the majority of its most modern tanks during the first few months. They were victims of modern portable anti-tank weapons built by the United States and European countries, including Ukraine. There was also some opposition by Ukrainian T-72 tanks. Many of the Russian tanks lost were abandoned by the crews and captured by the Ukrainians. These tanks, about 500 of them, were given new paint jobs and became Ukrainian tanks. Ukrainians now knew the vulnerabilities of the T-72-type tanks they and the Russians used. In response to Ukrainian requests the Americans sent 31 M1s and Germany sent Leopard 1 and Leopard 2 tanks.

The American M1A2 tanks arrived in Ukraine in 2023. These are an older model of the M1. The United States Army did not want to risk the Russians capturing a current model of the M1 and have an opportunity to reverse-engineer M1 capabilities for Russian tanks. That may change because Poland has more modern M1 models and will offer to send some to the Ukrainians if the situation gets desperate. Poland has provided similar military aid to Ukraine since before the 2022 Russian invasion. Poland shares a long border with Ukraine and realizes that if Ukraine is defeated, the Russians will come after Poland next. If the 31 M1 tanks sent to Ukraine prove useful, Poland could, with American permission and assurance of replacements, send more.

At the moment neighboring Poland has 366 American M1 tanks in service or on order. The first to arrive were 116 used M1A1 models that were ordered in 2022. These began arriving in Poland during 2023 and all will be delivered by 2025. In 2023 Poland ordered another 250 M1A2 tanks, with deliveries to begin in 2025.

The most current M1 is The M1A2SEP3, which cost about $6 million each and are also known as the MiA2C. The Poles consider M1 tanks the best option to deal with any new Russian tank developments. The 66-ton MiA2C also includes the Israeli Trophy ADS Active Defense System which has proved itself in combat and is capable of defeating ATGM Anti-tank guided missiles and RPG rocket propelled grenades. Deliveries began in 2022 and will be completed by 2025.

The 250 M1A2s will complement the 240 used German Leopard 2A4s that Poland obtained at bargain prices since 2002, along with a license to upgrade them to the 2A6 standard as the 62-ton Leopard 2PL. Poland is also upgrading over a hundred of its 380 older Russian T-72 tanks, most of them built in Poland during the Cold War and 225 PT-91s, a much-improved T-72 variant designed and built locally since 1995. Poland plans to retire its remaining T-72s as the M1A2s arrive.

Currently the most advanced Russian tank in service is the T-72B3, which is considered as good as the T-90, a 48-ton T-72 upgrade introduced in 1993 as the T-72BU but that was changed to T-90. Over 3,200 were built and most were exported to India where they were produced under license. The 45-ton T-72B3 is cheaper and considered by Russian commanders and crews as equal to the more expensive T-90. Russia had about 2,000 T-72B3s in service when they invaded Ukraine in 2022. Most of those T-72B3s were lost during the first few months of the war. This forced Russia to take its 590 more modern T-90s out of storage and put them to work in Ukraine where most of them were soon lost, often to swarms of Ukrainian UAVs.

Russia had also developed the 48-ton T-14, a radical new design that appeared quite impressive but proved too complex and too expensive for Russia to mass produce. Mass production was supposed to have started in 2015 but technical problems and shrinking defense budgets halted that until covid19 restrictions again delayed production until 2022. Russia has fewer than a hundred development and pre-production T-14s which have been undergoing field tests with a Russian tank unit since 2016. The T-14 has a three-man crew and a fully automated turret with the three crew all in an armored capsule under the turret. Division. The T-14 relies on a lot of new tech, some more advanced than any other Western tank has installed. Getting all that tech to work reliably has been a major problem. Getting all its problems fixed has made the T-14 more expensive, at about $4 million each. That’s twice what the reliable T-72B3 costs and Russian combat commanders and crews will have to be convinced that the T-14 works and is as reliable as the T-72B3. Mass production to build less than two hundred more T-14s was supposed to begin in 2022 but that did not happen and now the T-14 project is on hold, and actually, if not officially, dead and gone.

Polish M1A2Cs currently have few Russian tanks left to fight. Most of the Russian T-72B3s and T-90s were lost early in the war. The Russians were forced to bring 70-year-old T-55s and 60-year-old T-62s out of storage, get them running again and add a few upgrades before sending them to fight in Ukraine as infantry fire support vehicles and indirect fire artillery.

If Russia ever tries to make a move on Poland or if Poland decides to send Americans tanks to Ukraine, the M1A2C Abrams tank will likely go. This tank is considered the best combat proven tank in the world, though there are many different models of M1s which vary considerably in their combat capability. The earliest model is only about half as capable as the 2013 M1A2SEP model. The M1 is an old design with the first of 3,273 M1 Abrams tanks produced in 1978. This version had a 105mm gun. The first of 4,796 M1A1s, with a 120mm gun and depleted uranium armor, were produced in 1985. Another 221 were built for the U.S. Marines, 555 co-produced with Egypt and another 200 M1A1s sent to Egypt. Production of the M1A2, which had an improved fire control system, began in 1986, with 77 for the US Army, 315 for Saudi Arabia, and 218 for Kuwait. Another 600 M1s were upgraded to M1A2 standards. Deliveries of these upgrades began in 1998. In 2001 the army began to upgrade 240 M1A2 tanks as part of an ongoing SEP System Enhancement Package program with better thermal imaging and fire control equipment as well as communications and computer equipment which allow tanks to operate a full color battlefield internet with each other, as well as headquarters and warplanes with similar equipment. By 2013 the army had upgraded 700 tanks to the M1A2SEP standard and built another 240 new M1A2SEP vehicles. About 2,000 upgrades to M1A2SEP level have been delivered so far.

So far over 10,000 American M1 tanks have been produced and most of them subsequently updated at least once, mainly in the 1990s. The army is planning to maintain and upgrade its 7,000 strong M1 tank fleet into the 2030s. The M1 has already been in service since the 1980s and may become the first MBT, or Main Battle Tank design to be in service for half a century. Technically, some World War II tanks achieved that dubious goal but not in the service of a major power.

The SEP3 entered service in 2020 after being introduced for testing in 2017. SEP3 includes more improvements in the previous TUSK armor and RWS Remote Weapons Station machine-gun upgrades as well improved electricity generation and distribution for all the electronic components that need recharging or whatever, plus upgraded communications and networking and installation of the VHMS Vehicle Health Management System and the use of LRMs or Line Replaceable Modules to make it easier to upgrade or repair problems. The new communications features include ADL Ammunition DataLink to use airburst rounds. There is also an improved counter-IED improvised explosive device armor package, an upgraded FLIR night vision heat sensor and an APU Auxiliary Power Unit under the armor to run electronics while stationary instead of the engine. The final addition was the Trophy ADS. The SEP2/3 upgrades also expanded on MVP (Multifunction Vehicle Protection) features which includes external cameras that let the crew see what is going on outside at all times day or night and in bad weather.

The SEP program is continuous, upgrading existing M1A2 tanks to the new SEP3 standard as well as upgrading more M1A2SEPs to the SEP2 level. These upgrades keep the M1, or at least some of them, competitive with more recently designed and built tanks. The United States, mainly the army, has over a thousand of the SEP2 upgraded M1A2s and is getting as many of those upgraded to SEP3 as the budget allows.

The next upgrade is M1A3 which includes major upgrades to the tank software and whatever upgrades are available for the engine, armor, and electronics. A major upgrade is adding the capability to use advanced, including guided missile, projectiles from the 120mm smoothbore gun. The specifics of M1A3 were not set until 2018 because much of the tech was still in development or getting its first combat experience. What isn’t ready in the early 2020s can be added with the M1A3. MVP notes this integration of multiple systems in the SEP program and makes compatibility with other systems a key feature of MVP.

The original M1A2SEP was developed in the late 1990s by upgrading protection and a few other minor fixes. These were followed after 2003’s combat experience in Iraq with TUSK (Tank Urban Survival Kit) and evolved into the SEP2 upgrade. TUSK was installed on hundreds of tanks headed for Iraq as well as several hundred more M1s that had battle damage repaired and TUSK upgrades installed at the same time.

TUSK entered service in 2007 with reactive armor panels for the side and rear of the tank to provide added protection from RPGs. A slat armor panel protects the engine exhaust outlet of the tank from RPGs. A 1.5-ton belly armor kit, which can be installed in two hours, provides additional protection from mines and large bombs. Enhancements also include night vision for all crew members. There is also a telephone added to the side of the tank, so that infantry can more easily communicate with the crew when the tank is buttoned up with all hatches closed. The complete TUSK kit costs about $500,000 per vehicle and takes about twelve hours to install all the components. Later additions to TUSK included a rear-view camera for the driver and RWS so the commanders' .50 caliber (12.7mm) machine-gun could be operated from inside the tank. This is particularly useful if the tank is taking a lot of small arms fire. This led to providing all-round vidcam views of what was going on outside the tank.

The M1A2SEP2 made most of the TUSK items standard and added more improvements like the RWS for the 12.7mm machine-gun as standard, as well in computer hardware, including color flat screen displays for the crew and software, including a new operating system along with improved TUSK ERA Explosive Reactive Armor, making the external phone standard and upgrading the transmission to make it more reliable.

The electronics on the M1 have undergone several upgrades so far, in addition to new ammo types for the main gun. A major enhancement was depleted uranium armor, which made the M1 virtually invulnerable from the front.

The one remaining item in need of major improvement is the 1,500-horsepower gas turbine engine. Past improvements here included electronic monitors on many engine components, an electronic logbook to record all pertinent engine activity, and a maintenance program that makes the most of all this data. If the engine is monitored closely and constantly, it's possible to carry out maintenance in a timelier, before something fails, manner. The army would also like to develop an improved, as in more efficient and less expensive to maintain, engine but that is also a costly item they can't afford at the moment.

MVP can also link to audio sensors that work with video sensors to automatically detect where enemy fire is coming from. The United States tested MVP on their M2 IFV Infantry Fighting Vehicle. New anti-tank weapons are always being developed and the army wants to at least be able to afford new equipment to deal with new threats. One threat that was ignored until recently was top attack warheads that used a shaped charge type warhead to penetrate the thin top armor. There are also new types of mines and electronic threats. If the M1 is to survive for half a century it will have to evolve, as well as endure. The M1A2C is an evolutionary design compared to the Russian T-14 which was a revolutionary design with a lot of new techs introduced at once. This led to failure of the T-14 and eventually Russia abandoned work on the T-14 because they could not get it to work reliably in training or combat.